Post by sts60 on May 23, 2006 14:01:31 GMT -4
Well, I had this grand scheme for a hugely detailed dissertation. But reality in the form of work, FD training (lots), some special projects, and family (recently incremented by the arrival of that most imposing of lifeforms, a three-year-old girl - think of the kid from Monsters Inc.) have intruded. So, I'm going to make just one rather anticlimactic post and pretty much wimp out.
First, about my statement about interactions between radiation and other parts of the space environment: I know turbonium objected to several posters (including myself) saying they weren't really coupled. It's true, no one knew a priori what to expect, but a combination of research and analysis cleared away concerns. Before Apollo flew, we knew that there was no weird interaction between microgravity and radiation waiting to jump up and bite the crews. And we certainly had an adequate understanding of the Earth-Moon environment. (In particular, the idea that there might have been some sort of unknown hostile microwave environment waiting for Apollo is ludicrous, for reasons already given.)
I would like to know what research, if any, was ever done subsequently that invalidated the original findings that concluded substantial shielding was necessary to prevent radiation from harming or perhaps killing humans within the belts?
As for the work done to address this claim - I was going to paw through a stack of old papers around the office, but instead I'm just going to mention one, and then cite a handful of the well over 100 pre-A11 space radiation papers dredged up quickly from the NTRS server. This is just a sample.
Cooley, William C. and Barrett, Matthew J. Handbook of Space Environmental Effects on Solar Cell Power Systems, Exotech Inc. reprot TR-025 for NASA contract NASw-1345, Washington, D.C. Jan 1968. (Followup to Handbook of Space Radiation Effects on Solar Cell Power Systems, NASA SP-3003, July 1963.
Modisette, J.L., T.M. Vinson, and A.C. Hardy. Model Solar Proton Environments for Manned Spacecraft Design, NASA Technical Note TN-D-2746, April 1965.
Lad, Robert A. Survey of Materials Problems Resulting from Low-Pressure and Radiation Environment in Space,
NASA-TN-D-477, Nov. 1960.
Roberts, W. T. [url=http://ntrs.nasa.gov/index.cgi?method=display&redirect=http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19640007696&oaiID=oai:casi.ntrs.nasa.gov
:19640007696]Space radiation- a compilation and discussion[/url][/i], NASA-TM-X-54700, 1 Nov 1960.
Foelsche, T. [url=http://ntrs.nasa.gov/index.cgi?method=display&redirect=http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19650075843&oaiID=oai:casi.ntrs.nasa.gov
:19650075843]Radiation hazards in space[/url][/i], NASA-TM-X-56725, 1 Jan 1961.
Apollo: Space environment factors: Evaluation of the radiation and meteorite environment and development of safety procedures, NASA-CR-141987, 1 June 1961.
Kloster, R. L.; Miller, R. A.; Wilson, R. K. [url=http://ntrs.nasa.gov/index.cgi?method=display&redirect=http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19640007762&oaiID=oai:casi.ntrs.nasa.gov
:19640007762]A study of space radiation shielding problems for manned vehicles[/url][/i], NASA-CR-56005, 8 June 1962.
Duberg, J.; Rind, E. [url=http://ntrs.nasa.gov/index.cgi?method=display&redirect=http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19650011873&oaiID=oai:casi.ntrs.nasa.gov
:19650011873]NASA space radiation effects laboratory[/url][/i], NASA-TM-X-51689, 1 Nov 1962.
Proceedings of the Symposium on the Protection against Radiation Hazards in Space, NASA CR-129407, 1 Nov 1962.
Foelsche, T. Estimates of radiation doses in space on the basis of current data, 1 Jan 1963.
Musacchia, X. J. Physiological effects of weightlessness and space radiation on hibernators second semiannual status report, NASA-CR-50546, 6 June 1963.
Arnoldy, R. L.; Hoffman, R. A.; Winckler, J. R. Comparison of the total cosmic radiation in deep space and at the earth during the March- April 1960 events., 1 Jan 1964.
Antipov, V. V.; Davydov, B. I.; Dobrov, N. N.; Morozov, V. S.; Murin, G. F.; Nikitin, M. D.; Saksonov, P. P.; Vysotskiy, V. G. Some problems in ensuring the radiation safety of space flights, 1 Dec 1964. (Evidently a Russian paper.)
Billingham, J. Status report on the space radiation effects on the apollo mission/ a- apollo dose limits, 1 Jan 1965.
Shaefer, H. J. Energy dissipation characteristics in tissue for ionizing radiation in space progress report no. 11, 1 Jun - 31 Aug 1965, NASA-CR-67271, Jan 1, 1965.
In closing, I'd just say that I'm not satisfied that turbonium has really come up with anything more substantial than his assertion that an S-band antenna was really an arm. It's mostly just pointing at an old map saying "here be monsters" and claiming the impossibility of crossing the Atlantic. Also, turbonium, your claims about the lurking microwave danger and characterization of the "sudden great leap" (I'm paraphrasing) simply bear no relation to reality.
First, about my statement about interactions between radiation and other parts of the space environment: I know turbonium objected to several posters (including myself) saying they weren't really coupled. It's true, no one knew a priori what to expect, but a combination of research and analysis cleared away concerns. Before Apollo flew, we knew that there was no weird interaction between microgravity and radiation waiting to jump up and bite the crews. And we certainly had an adequate understanding of the Earth-Moon environment. (In particular, the idea that there might have been some sort of unknown hostile microwave environment waiting for Apollo is ludicrous, for reasons already given.)
I would like to know what research, if any, was ever done subsequently that invalidated the original findings that concluded substantial shielding was necessary to prevent radiation from harming or perhaps killing humans within the belts?
As for the work done to address this claim - I was going to paw through a stack of old papers around the office, but instead I'm just going to mention one, and then cite a handful of the well over 100 pre-A11 space radiation papers dredged up quickly from the NTRS server. This is just a sample.
Cooley, William C. and Barrett, Matthew J. Handbook of Space Environmental Effects on Solar Cell Power Systems, Exotech Inc. reprot TR-025 for NASA contract NASw-1345, Washington, D.C. Jan 1968. (Followup to Handbook of Space Radiation Effects on Solar Cell Power Systems, NASA SP-3003, July 1963.
Modisette, J.L., T.M. Vinson, and A.C. Hardy. Model Solar Proton Environments for Manned Spacecraft Design, NASA Technical Note TN-D-2746, April 1965.
Lad, Robert A. Survey of Materials Problems Resulting from Low-Pressure and Radiation Environment in Space,
NASA-TN-D-477, Nov. 1960.
Roberts, W. T. [url=http://ntrs.nasa.gov/index.cgi?method=display&redirect=http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19640007696&oaiID=oai:casi.ntrs.nasa.gov
:19640007696]Space radiation- a compilation and discussion[/url][/i], NASA-TM-X-54700, 1 Nov 1960.
Foelsche, T. [url=http://ntrs.nasa.gov/index.cgi?method=display&redirect=http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19650075843&oaiID=oai:casi.ntrs.nasa.gov
:19650075843]Radiation hazards in space[/url][/i], NASA-TM-X-56725, 1 Jan 1961.
Apollo: Space environment factors: Evaluation of the radiation and meteorite environment and development of safety procedures, NASA-CR-141987, 1 June 1961.
Kloster, R. L.; Miller, R. A.; Wilson, R. K. [url=http://ntrs.nasa.gov/index.cgi?method=display&redirect=http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19640007762&oaiID=oai:casi.ntrs.nasa.gov
:19640007762]A study of space radiation shielding problems for manned vehicles[/url][/i], NASA-CR-56005, 8 June 1962.
Duberg, J.; Rind, E. [url=http://ntrs.nasa.gov/index.cgi?method=display&redirect=http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19650011873&oaiID=oai:casi.ntrs.nasa.gov
:19650011873]NASA space radiation effects laboratory[/url][/i], NASA-TM-X-51689, 1 Nov 1962.
Proceedings of the Symposium on the Protection against Radiation Hazards in Space, NASA CR-129407, 1 Nov 1962.
Foelsche, T. Estimates of radiation doses in space on the basis of current data, 1 Jan 1963.
Musacchia, X. J. Physiological effects of weightlessness and space radiation on hibernators second semiannual status report, NASA-CR-50546, 6 June 1963.
Arnoldy, R. L.; Hoffman, R. A.; Winckler, J. R. Comparison of the total cosmic radiation in deep space and at the earth during the March- April 1960 events., 1 Jan 1964.
Antipov, V. V.; Davydov, B. I.; Dobrov, N. N.; Morozov, V. S.; Murin, G. F.; Nikitin, M. D.; Saksonov, P. P.; Vysotskiy, V. G. Some problems in ensuring the radiation safety of space flights, 1 Dec 1964. (Evidently a Russian paper.)
Billingham, J. Status report on the space radiation effects on the apollo mission/ a- apollo dose limits, 1 Jan 1965.
Shaefer, H. J. Energy dissipation characteristics in tissue for ionizing radiation in space progress report no. 11, 1 Jun - 31 Aug 1965, NASA-CR-67271, Jan 1, 1965.
In closing, I'd just say that I'm not satisfied that turbonium has really come up with anything more substantial than his assertion that an S-band antenna was really an arm. It's mostly just pointing at an old map saying "here be monsters" and claiming the impossibility of crossing the Atlantic. Also, turbonium, your claims about the lurking microwave danger and characterization of the "sudden great leap" (I'm paraphrasing) simply bear no relation to reality.